![]() The inefficiency of the IWRM and the difficulty implementing it in China may be ascribed to factors including amorphous definition, operational difficulty, departmental conflicts, and lack of authority in river basin management. Complex problems exist in interregional, intergovernmental, and inter-departmental collaboration in water resources management, which reduces the coordination of water resources and water environment management. Nonetheless, IWRM does not mean centralized management of a department but is coordinated and managed by various departments including the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and the Ministry of Transportation, etc. IWRM is a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. China has pursued the integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach since enacting its first Water Law in 1988. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in the past four decades, rivers and lakes in China are under severe and complex pressure from pollution, and the water management system is also undergoing tremendous changes. The study provides insights on how to ensure the long-term operation of the RCS, a reference for countries around the world as a suitable solution for the sustainable management of water environments. This study summarizes the innovative models and practical effects of, and public participation in, the RCS, analyzes the prominent problems, and proposes some measures to maximize the influence of public participation. ![]() The RCS is an effective supplement and supervision to the performance of the river chief and related departments, which can effectively promote the transformation of the RCS from nominal to practical and efficient. Guiding and encouraging the public to participate in the construction of the RCS can promote the improvement of the level of social governance. It is an institutional innovation to improve the water governance system and ensure national water security. The River Chief System (RCS) is an effective measure for China to solve complex water problems and maintain the health of rivers and lakes.
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